Pronouns and possessives
Этот урок — полный справочник по A2-системе местоимений.
Пять форм — полная таблица
| Person | Subject | Object | Possessive adj | Possessive pronoun | Reflexive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sing | I | me | my | mine | myself |
| 2 sing/pl | you | you | your | yours | yourself / yourselves |
| 3 sing m | he | him | his | his | himself |
| 3 sing f | she | her | her | hers | herself |
| 3 sing n | it | it | its | — | itself |
| 1 pl | we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
| 3 pl | they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
Subject vs object
- Subject выполняет действие: He saw me.
- Object получает действие: He saw me.
Типичные ошибки:
- ❌ Me and John went to the store → ✅ John and I went to the store. (subject)
- ❌ He told John and I → ✅ He told John and me. (object)
Тест: уберите второго человека:
- Me went to the store — явно неправильно → используйте I.
- He told I — явно неправильно → используйте me.
Possessive adjective vs possessive pronoun
- Possessive adjective — идёт ПЕРЕД существительным: my book, your house, our family.
- Possessive pronoun — стоит ОДИНОКО (заменяет существительное): That book is mine. Your house is bigger than ours.
| С существительным (adj) | Самостоятельно (pronoun) |
|---|---|
| my car | mine |
| your car | yours |
| his car | his |
| her car | hers |
| our car | ours |
| their car | theirs |
Examples:
- That’s my book. (adj — перед book)
- That book is mine. (pronoun — самостоятельно)
- Whose pen is this? — It’s hers. (pronoun)
⚠️ its (possessive) ≠ it’s (= it is). Частая опечатка.
Reflexive pronouns
Используйте, когда subject и object — одно и то же лицо:
- I cut myself. (я порезал меня — то же лицо)
- She taught herself Spanish.
- We organized ourselves.
- The dog hurt itself.
Также для усиления:
- I did it myself. (= без помощи)
- The President himself spoke.
Фразы:
- by myself = один, без помощи.
- help yourself = бери что хочешь (еда / напитки).
- enjoy yourself = хорошо проведи время.
one’s / oneself — формальное
- One should respect oneself. (формально, обобщённо)
- Разговорнее: You should respect yourself.
Demonstratives — this / that / these / those
| Singular | Plural | Расстояние |
|---|---|---|
| this | these | близко |
| that | those | далеко |
- This book is interesting. (близко, singular)
- Those people over there are loud. (далеко, plural)
- Look at these. (близко, plural — pronoun use)
Также для новых vs старых тем:
- This is what I want to talk about. (вводим)
- That was a great idea. (предыдущая тема)
Indefinite pronouns — someone / anyone / no one / everyone
Сложные слова с some / any / no / every + body / one / thing / where:
| body / one | thing | where | |
|---|---|---|---|
| some- (positive) | someone, somebody | something | somewhere |
| any- (neg/q) | anyone, anybody | anything | anywhere |
| no- (negative) | no one, nobody | nothing | nowhere |
| every- (all) | everyone, everybody | everything | everywhere |
Та же логика, что у some / any (урок 15):
- Someone called. (positive)
- Did anyone call? (вопрос)
- I didn’t see anyone. (negative)
- No one came. (тоже negative — но not добавлять не нужно)
- Everyone is here.
⚠️ No one came — уже отрицание. Не добавляйте ещё одно not: I didn’t see no one — это double negative и нестандартно.
Indefinite pronouns — singular:
- Everybody is here. (не are)
- Nobody knows the answer. (не know)
Но possessive часто по умолчанию their (gender-neutral):
- Everyone has their own opinion. (singular their теперь стандарт)
Заметки о произношении
- him /ɪm/ в быстрой речи (теряется /h/): I told him /aɪ toʊld ɪm/.
- her /ər/ без ударения.
- them /ðəm/ или даже /əm/: I saw them /aɪ sɔː əm/.
- us /əs/ без ударения.
Ловушки русскоговорящих (L1)
- mine + noun: mine book → my book.
- Неверный порядок в перечислениях: Me and John → John and I.
- its vs it’s: частая ошибка правописания.
- Забывают reflexive: I cut me → I cut myself.
- Двойное отрицание: I don’t know nothing → I don’t know anything / I know nothing.
Резюме
- Пять форм на лицо: subject, object, possessive adj, possessive pronoun, reflexive.
- my (с noun) vs mine (alone).
- Reflexive когда subject = object: myself, yourself, herself…
- Indefinite pronouns — singular, но possessive — their.
- В стандартном английском нет double negatives.
Следующий урок: Used to — past habits and states.
B1 — Косвенная речь — утверждения